Science and Technology in Nepal

Science and technology is the basis of development on all fronts. The country and the society cannot expect progress in the social and economic fronts without the use and application of modern scientific and technological innovations. Many countries have invested heavily in science and technology and accordingly reaped great benefits. But most of the Third World countries have not been able to achieve the desired progress as investment in science and technology is inadequate. Nepal suffers from a resource crunch and is thus unable to invest much in the field of science. One of the reasons for the slow pace of development can also be attributed to its inability to take maximum advantage from the technological revolution taking place in the world.

The Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), which was created more than two decades ago to promote science and technology in Nepal, has not been able to accomplish its goals due to resource constraints. Investment in science and technology is an investment in our future generation and in the country’s progress. This awareness is slowly dawning on our planners, policymakers and politicians. Considering the greater importance of science and technology, the government has announced a policy, but it remains largely on paper. There is a need for increased investment while equipping NAST with resources for the development of science and technology in Nepal. For this, efforts of the government alone may not be sufficient. A pool of resources must be created through the effective coordination of many different organisations.

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How to keep backup and restore windows xp/vista?

Formatting computer many times may cause damage the hard disk. It cause scratches and make you spend many bucks. It is better to keep backup of all the utilities and operating system in one folder with a very small software i.e. snapshot.

So, here is the way to keep back up of your windows xp/vista.

Snapshot helps you to keep the back up of your computer.But you have to be sure that your computer should not have any virus and malware. It is better to back up file as soon as when you format the hard disk. And install the all the program that you need.

Download Snapshot
(full installation)

Download Snapshot.
(donot need install)

Intall Snapshot in your pc.And open snapsnot. Then click on the back up to the disk.

Select the appropriate drive to back up. Here i select C drive. After the selecting the drive then click on the next.

Then browse the location where you want to keep the back file of windows xp/vista. Then click on the start copy.

Then it starts copying file. Its takes few minutes when it is finished then click on ok.

when your computer gets slow need to be format. Now you don't have to format instead you can restore. To restore these back file you need a boot xp software .

Downlaod Bootxp

Follow the step below to restore the back up of file windows xp/vista.

1. First click on the go and goto the program and click on the drive snapshot.
2. And then click on the restore disk from the file.
3. Browse the location where you have kept the back up file.
4. Then click on the next button.
5. Then it start to restore file. Be patient until it complete.

When it complete then you can find all program installed as before. It save not only the hard disk but it save a lot of time..

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Making a movie CD or DVD using DVDFlick?

          If you dont know how to watch the yours favorites videos in DVD player. It's obvious that not everyone owns an HTPC or Divx DVD player. The solution is pretty simple. A free program called DVDFlick is all you need.You can download it for free from here.
DOWNLOAD DVDFlick
Here's how you do it.
Creating a DVD project
          After you install, start it and create a new project by clicking the button for it on the toolbar on top. Making a movie doesn't take too long, but you do require an ample amount of disk space. Make sure you have around 12 to 15 GB space on your disk. If you dont have enough space on your windows partition, change the project destination folder to a drive that that has more space. Use the brower button at the botton of the window to do so.
                                   Name the title of the video to created

          Click on the projects settings button. Enter a name for the project, then select the target size as the size of the kind of disk you will be burning the movie on a CD or a DVD.

Adding a video
          The next step is to add a video to the compilation.DVDFlick lets you add many videos to your DVD compilation. Hold down the (ctrl) key, click on the videos and then click on open. DVDFlick supports a wide range of formats and codecs so you no longer have to depend on other video encoding programs to convert your video format to an uncompressed video format and then to DVD. You can change the order of the clips or videos by clicking any of them, clicking on the move up or move down buttons on the right.

Setting up audio-video preferences
          A high quality movie might fit just about right on a DVD, DVDFlick will automatically alter the video if you put too many videos on a DVD or it will show up as a red bar on the left of the DVDFlick window. You can change the quality of the DVD yourself by clicking on the video tab under project settings. Change the target bit rate.

          Similarly, you can also change the audio settings. If you have a stereo audio setup, then you can force stereo audio for the movie you are burning to the DVD. Bitrate settings for audio are also available.
                               Setting the bitrate for video encoding

Adding subtitles and chapters
          Subtitles can also be added to your movie. To do this select the video title fron the list you have added and click on edit title. Click on the sub title tracks panel and click add. Just like video formats, DVDFlick also supports many subtitle formats. Select the one for your clip and click open. Chapters can be added after a set interval, so you don't have to fast forward from the beginning to a particular position. Click on the chapters subsection and click on the create checkbox. Set the number of chapters you want or you can set a time interval using the first option to create chapters every minutes. Click accept when done.                               The number of chapters to be created

Finalishing the DVD
          Before, we burn the disk itself, we need to make the DVD interface attractive, with a menu and a listing of chapters. Click on the menu settings button and select a theme from the list.                               Setting a theme for the DVD

DVDFlick also acts as a disk burning application. Click on the project settings one final time, and click on burning.You can use DVDFlick to write an ISO file which can then be burnt on a disk using a different application. If you want to burn the disk, check burn project to disk. Enter a name for the disk, select the drive you are burning on and set a speed. Burning at 8x is recommended. Click accept and click on create DVD to burn the disk. The process may take a while depending on the quality and size of the videos.           Selecting the drive to burn using or saving the movie on a disk image.

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How to update kaspersky antivirus without using internet connection?

Kaspersky antivirus is the one of the top antivirus which speacially made to provide hassle-free and quality protection against viruses, worms and other malicious programs, as well as hacker attacks, spam and spyware.

This method to update kaspersky antivirus(or internet security) is important, if the internet connection of your area is slow or you don't have the internet connection. It is important in my area. Here, its takes 2-3 hours to update the antivirus for the first time. If your internet connection is slow then you also can use this this method. But you need the update files of the kaspersky. You can get update file of kaspersky from others computer which has been using the kaspersky antivirus.. You can get and update the update files by the following ways:

1. Open the kaspersky antivirus and click on the setting.
2.Then click on update. then this type of dialog is open and again click on the setting.
3.Click on the additional and then check copy updates to the folder.
4.Follow the location and copy all three folder in your computer.
5.Do the same above process in your computer also.But browse the location of your computer where you have kept the update file of the antivirus.
6.At last click on ok and then apply. Then you get your antivirus updated.

If you are the new user of kaspersky antivirus it is better to update from update file. Antivirus takes more ttime to update for the first time. You also can use this method even if you dont have the internet connection. If you have the internet connection then it is useful for the first time only. Using this method to update your antivirus you can save your time. This method is best to whom who dont use internet in thier PC.

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Nanotechnology For The Development of Nepal

Due to several factors, Nepal remains as one of the least developed countries in the world. Political instability, lack of visionary leadership, geographical location (being land-locked) as well as the difficult terrain have contributed to the extreme poverty of our people. According to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Nepal is ranked 167 out of 178 countries in 2007 in terms of per capita income. Only 11 countries had lower per capita income than Nepal.

In September 2000, 189 member states of the UN agreed on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These goals were signed by 147 heads of state and governments during the UN Millennium Summit. There are eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world's main development challenges. All 189 member states of the UN have expressed their commitment to achieve the MDGs by 2015. The MDGs are: (i) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; (ii) Achieve universal primary education; (iii) Promote gender equality and empower women; (iv) Reduce child mortality; (v) Improve maternal health; (vi) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases; (vii) Ensure environmental sustainability; and (viii) Develop a global partnership for development. As explained in the following paragraphs, nanotechnology may help Nepal achieve at least some of the above mentioned MDGs.



Energy Production and Storage

Energy production, and storage, along with creation of alternative fuels, is one of the areas where nanotechnology applications are most likely to benefit Nepalese people. Nano-structured materials are being used to build a new generation of solar cells, hydrogen fuel cells and novel hydrogen storage systems that will deliver clean energy. Moreover, recent advances in the creation of synthetic nano-membranes embedded with proteins are capable of turning light into chemical energy.

Using nanotechnology, unique three-dimensional solar cells that capture nearly all of the light that strikes them could boost the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems while reducing their size, weight and mechanical complexity. The new 3D solar cells capture photons from sunlight sing an array of miniature "tower" structures that resemble high-rise buildings in a city street grid.

Because the tower structures can trap and absorb light received from many different angles, the new cells remain efficient even when the sun is not directly overhead.

In the existing flat solar cells, the photovoltaic coatings must be thick enough to capture the photons, whose energy then liberates electrons from the photovoltaic materials to create electrical current. Nevertheless, each mobile electron leaves behind a "hole" in the atomic matrix of the coating. The longer it takes electrons to exit the PV material, the more likely it is that they will recombine with a hole -- reducing the electrical current.

Because the 3D cells absorb more of the photons than conventional cells, their coatings can be made thinner, allowing the electrons to exit more quickly, reducing the likelihood that recombination will take place. That boosts the "quantum efficiency" - the rate at which absorbed photons are converted to electrons - of the 3D cells.

Nanoscience may be used to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic cells, creating cost-efficient conversion systems. It may help in effective solar power storage systems or even the generation of solar energy on a larger
scale.

Agriculture

Nepal could also benefit in the field of agriculture, where nanotechnology is developing a range of inexpensive nanotech applications to increase soil fertility and crop production. This will help farmers to increase the agricultural production thereby increase their income levels and improve the health of the people by decreasing malnutrition.

Nanotech materials are in development phase for the slow release and efficient dosage of fertilizers for plants and of nutrients and medicines for livestock. Other agricultural developments include nano-sensors to monitor the health of crops and farm animals and magnetic nano-particles to remove soil contaminants.

Water Treatment

A lot of people living in villages of Nepal have no access to clean drinking water. As a result, children as well as old people die each year from water-related diseases, such as diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid.

Nano-membranes and nano-clays are inexpensive, portable and easily cleaned systems that purify, and detoxify water more efficiently than conventional bacterial and viral filters. For example, this could help remove the arsenic prevalent in the terai region of Nepal. It is also possible to develop large-scale production of carbon nano-tube filters for water quality improvement. In addition, other water applications include systems (based on titanium dioxide and on magnetic nano-particles) that decompose organic pollutants and remove salts and heavy metals from liquids, enabling the use of heavily contaminated water for irrigation and drinking.

Medical Applications

Disease diagnosis and screening technologies include the "lab-on-a-chip", which offers major diagnostic functions of a medical laboratory, and other biosensors based on nano-sized tubes, wires, magnetic particles and semiconductor crystals (quantum dots). These inexpensive, hand-held diagnostic kits detect the presence of several pathogens at once and could be used for wide-range screening in small peripheral clinics. Moreover,
nanotechnology applications are in development that would greatly enhance medical imaging.

Drug delivery systems: including nano-capsules, dendrimers (tiny bush-like spheres made of branched polymers), and "buckyballs" (soccerball-shaped structures made of 60 carbon atoms) for slow, sustained drug release systems, characteristics valuable for countries such as Nepal without adequate drug storage capabilities and distribution networks. Nanotechnology could also potentially reduce transportation costs and even required dosages by improving shelf-life, thermo-stability and resistance to changes in humidity of existing medications. These are very important to preserve drug during summer when the temperature as well as the humidity are high.

Food Processing and Storage

Improved plastic film coatings for food packaging and storage that may enable a wider and more efficient distribution of food products to remote areas such as the far west part of Nepal. Antimicrobial emulsions made with nano-materials for the decontamination of food equipment, packaging of food; and nanotech-based sensors to detect and identify contamination would help in both transportation and storage of food.

Nanotechnology can obviously help Nepal in achieving some of the UN mandated MDGs within the stipulated period of 2015 in the next seven years. One example of how a new technology could be popular among people
very quickly is the use of cell phones in Nepal. Five years ago, when I visited Nepal, there was hardly anyone with the cell phones, yet when I went to Nepal last summer there were a lot of people with cell phones. It appeared that everyone was walking with a cell phone.

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Cloud computing

Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet.Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the "cloud" that supports them.

Cloud computing features:

1. It is service-based.
2. It is scalable and elastic. I.e., it is able to add and remove infrastructure as needed.
3. It uses shared infrastructure to build economies of scale.
4. It is metered and users pay according to usage.
5. Most importantly, of course, it uses Internet technologies.


The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.

The first academic use of this term appears to be by Prof. Ramnath K. Chellappa (currently at Goizueta Business School, Emory University) who originally defined it as a computing paradigm where the boundaries of computing will be determined by economic rationale rather than technical limits.

Cloud computing customers do not generally own the physical infrastructure serving as host to the software platform in question. Instead, they avoid capital expenditure by renting usage from a third-party provider. They consume resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. Many cloud-computing offerings employ the utility computing model, which is analogous to how traditional utility services (such as electricity) are consumed, while others bill on a subscription basis. Sharing "perishable and intangible" computing power among multiple tenants can improve utilization rates, as servers are not unnecessarily left idle (which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development). A side effect of this approach is that overall computer usage rises dramatically, as customers do not have to engineer for peak load limits.Additionally, "increased high-speed bandwidth" makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.


Cloud computing users can avoid capital expenditure (CapEx) on hardware, software, and services when they pay a provider only for what they use. Consumption is usually billed on a utility (e.g. resources consumed, like electricity) or subscription (e.g. time based, like a newspaper) basis with little or no upfront cost. A few cloud providers are now beginning to offer the service for a flat monthly fee as opposed to on a utility billing basis. Other benefits of this time sharing style approach are low barriers to entry, shared infrastructure and costs, low management overhead, and immediate access to a broad range of applications. Users can generally terminate the contract at any time (thereby avoiding return on investment risk and uncertainty) and the services are often covered by service level agreements (SLAs) with financial penalties.

According to Nicholas Carr, the strategic importance of information technology is diminishing as it becomes standardized and less expensive. He argues that the cloud computing paradigm shift is similar to the displacement of electricity generators by electricity grids early in the 20th century.

Although companies might be able to save on upfront capital expenditures, they might not save much and might actually pay more for operating expenses. In situations where the capital expense would be relatively small, or where the organization has more flexibility in their capital budget than their operating budget, the cloud model might not make great fiscal sense. Other factors impacting the scale of any potential cost savings include the efficiency of a company’s data center as compared to the cloud vendor’s, the company’s existing operating costs, the level of adoption of cloud computing, and the type of functionality being hosted in the cloud.

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Opera best brower for browsing wapsites(for both mobile and pc

Opera is a web browser and internet suite developed by the Opera Software company. The browser handles common Internet-related tasks such as displaying websites, sending and receiving e-mail messages, managing contacts, IRC online chatting, downloading files via BitTorrent, and reading web feeds. Opera is offered free of charge for personal computers and mobile phones, but for other devices it must be paid for.

Features of Opera include tabbed browsing, page zooming, mouse gestures, and an integrated download manager. Its security features include built-in phishing and malware protection, strong encryption when browsing secure web sites, and the ability to easily delete private data such as HTTP cookies.

In PC, other browers do not browse some of the wapsites. But Opera can browse all the wapsites. You can browse all wapsites using Opera in your PC and also can download mobile utilies like games, themes, softwares, etc.. Downloading mobile utilities from your mobile can be slow and expensive.
so it is better to browse wapsites from Opera. So i recommend to use opera in your PC. We can use opera in our mobile phones.

Download latest version of Opera

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